Industrial standard Syringe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial standard Syringe - Essay Example The present paper deals with a syringe’s low Reynolds number flow. This scenario presents itself in the slow regulated intravenous fusion of drugs and fluids in laboratories or hospitals. For instance, in indicator-dilution experiments, the common values for the Reynolds number are Re= 0.07 (50cc syringe at 1cc/min or Re= 0.015(10cc syringe at 0.1 cc/min). A calibrated infusion pump is often used in maintaining the rates of infusion at constants. In figure 1 the plunger is moving to the left in a cylinder; fluid is pumped through a hollow needle of a diameter that is often less than 3% of the cylinder’s diameter. Because of the geometry the fluid dynamics can be divided into 2 parts: the flow in the needle and the flow in the cylinder. Dagan, Weinbaum and Pfeffer [1] solved the flow in the needle (orifice). They concluded that the velocity profile is mostly Poiseuille, with end effects maintained at a length of just  ¼ the diameter of the needle. In the sections that follow we will examine the cylinder region, with the needle hole estimated by a sink. x’s partial differentiation is numerically solved using finite difference techniques, which result in an estimation for x at every grid point. In the middle way from all borders, standard difference equations are applied in the estimation of the partial derivatives. Close to the borders, multiple standard equations are required. These new difference equations, using both partials and values of x on the borders, were derived via the symbolic manipulation package, SMP. All the finite difference estimations applied are provided in Appendix A. The finite difference estimation produces results in a linear system of equations Ax = b, with dimension being 2500 for a basic 50 x 50 grid. Due to the fact that the boundary conditions are asymmetric and difference equations using known derivatives are used, the coefficient matrix A is

The digital stop clock Essay Example for Free

The digital stop clock Essay It is accurate because, it measures to 100ml 1. Pipette -To make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. 1. gas syringe -To measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. Throughout this reaction the carbon dioxide is colourless so without it I would have problems measuring and observing the reaction, so if a substance is added to give the carbon dioxide a colour, my final results might not be reliable. I have researched that using a gas syringe is a lot more efficient than using a measuring cylinder as problems occur with the air bubbles.. 1. The electronic balance We used to measure the amount of calcium carbonate we would need for each experiment. The balance is measured in grams (g) We used also used this equipment to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 3 decimal places which are helpful as I am using a mass of 0. 5grams. 1. The digital stop clock. -We used the stop clock to time how long the experiment would last for and to make sure that we didn’t go over the amount of time set to do each repeat. There is a start and reset button to start the timer and a stop button to stop the timer this makes it more easy to use. The digital stop watch is also precise because it measures to hundredth seconds which helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals and making the experiment a fair test as every measurement was taken at certain time. 1. Stand clamp: The reason why we used this is because the stand clamp for safety reasons as we must ensure that ga syringe and the flask with the acid that are connected to each other are stable so they do not tip over, this is because it may affect the results, and if the acid spills it could be expensive to replace a new one. Same goes with the gas syringe. The reason we used a stand clamp is because the equipment were held steadily to increase the gas flow through the tubing. This will help the gas access the syringe to read the results more accurately. 1. Spatula: We used the spatula to take out the calcium carbonate from the jar because it was the only equipment small enough to fit through the jar. Using another piece of equipment, for example a spoon, would be too large to fit through. 1. Weighing Boat: We placed the calcium carbonate in the weighing boat after we measured it. The weighing boat is light, so it will not affect how we measure the calcium carbonate. 1. Goggles: We wore goggles as part of our health and safety rules that we had to follow to stop any injuries from happening. An example for when we need goggles is when we need to prevent acid from getting into your eyes as it may damage your eyes for the long term. 1. Conical flask with bung: We used this piece of equipment because we needed to put in the reactants (calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid) that we used when measuring the amount of gas being produced. It attached onto the gas syringe so the gas that was produced in the reaction could pass through the tube to be measured. The bung is there to make sure that the gas being produced, does not escape from the conical flask. The method consists of several steps: 1. Put on your lab coat and goggles. 2. Gather all the equipment that you need e. g. gas cylinder with chronicle flask, two clamp stands, measuring boat, measuring cylinder, and stop watch. 3. Set your equipment up e. g. clamp the gas cylinder into one clamp stand, and clamp the chronicle flask into the other clamp stand, making sure they are at the same height 4. Measure the hydrochloric acid with a measuring cylinder. 5. Pour the acid into the chronicle flask 6. Weigh out the calcium carbonate with the electronic balance. 7. Pour the calcium carbonate into the chronicle flask 8. Place the bung on straight away, and start the digital stop watch 9. Take readings from the gas cylinder every 10 seconds. Main experiment – changing the surface area. The equipment we used was pipette. We used this to make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. We used the gas syringe to measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. We used the electronic balance to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 2 decimal places and we also used the stop clock as it is precise because it measured to hundredth seconds. This helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals. In the surface area we made sure that we kept the 2M of the hydrochloric acid for each experiment of the surface area. We also used a mercury thermometer as it gives us a better precise reading and allows us to see whether the temperature of the hydrochloric acid makes a difference to the results. The method of the experiment of surface area was on the first experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml, by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. The second experiment we used medium calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For the third experiment we used large calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For every experiment for the surface area we poured the hydrochloric acid into the conical flask, and then added the calcium chips as fast as possible to ensure the gas does not escape into the air, and not in the gas cylinder. As soon as we placed the bung inside the conical flask, we immediately started the stop watch and timed it up to 120 seconds. For every 10 seconds the person in role of the stop watch would shout at every 10 seconds, and the other person reading the gas cylinder will shout how fast the rubber, tubing is moving out of the gas cylinder. Then we would record the results in the table and repeat the same experiment 5 times to make the results precise and reliable. Results for surface area. We first started off with calcium carbonate powder (1. 5g)with hydrochloric acid (30ml) but the reaction took place within 5 seconds and immediately reacted. Therefore it was very fast and it was impossible for us to take any readings. Because of this we decided to use calcium carbonate chips so it is easier to take the reading. Table 4. Results for small chips of calcium carbonate Calcium Small Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3 (ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat5 (ml) Averages Evaluating the results for small chips of calcium carbonate Table 4 shows the surface area of small calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of small calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. There does not seem to be any outliers; a good start for the first results. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to result precision. From the Table 4, we can see that the volume of gas produced increased fast towards the average of 110. From this we were keen to find out if the medium calcium chips made a more noticeable difference. Table 5. Evaluating results for medium chips of calcium carbonate Calcium Medium Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3 (ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat 5(ml) Averages   Outliers Evaluating results for medium chips of calcium carbonate. In Table 5, we show the surface area of medium calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of medium calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. In this graph there seems to be an outliner which is highlighted in blue. For the averages we did not include the outlier to give us a more reliable and precise average. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to assure result precision. From Table 5 we can see that the volume of gas produced has gradually increased towards the time of 120 seconds. This shows that medium chips are the best results so far. To make sure we have concluded the right decision we wanted to check if large calcium chips would make a stronger difference. Table 6. Evaluating results for large chips Calcium Large Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat 1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3(ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat 5 (ml) Averages Outliers Evaluating results for large chips of calcium carbonate. In Table 6 we show the surface area of large calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of large calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. In this graph there seems to be an outliner which is highlighted in blue. In the outlier the temperature on the hydrochloric acid was 23EC, which is an inconvenience and the rest of the results that don’t have an outlier have all got 24EC. This tells us the that the change in temperature may be a reason why there may be an outlier. For the averages we did not include the outlier to give us a more reliable and precise average. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to assure precision in results. From the Table 6 we can see that the volume of gas produced has gradually increased towards the time of 120 seconds. This shows that large chips results are also reliable. Graphs for surface area. In the graph I can see that small chips used in the reaction releases more volume of gas in (ml) is better as it increases the amount of carbon dioxide produced till 100 seconds so the amount of carbon dioxide produced from 100 – 120 seconds becomes constant. The medium chips starts releasing gas at 10 seconds at a volume of 9ml. The volume of gas then increases up to 120 at a volume of 83ml. The large chips starts releasing gas at 10 seconds at a volume of 9ml and the volume of gas then increases up to 120 seconds at a volume of 85ml. Because we did not carry on timing the experiment we do not know if the rate of reaction decreases at 120 seconds and more because both large and medium chips seem to be increasing the volume of gas. As you can see from these results in the graph.large and medium chips release almost the same amount of carbon dioxide. This means that both the differences between large and medium are insignificant. as the range bars overlap. Conclusion for surface area In the surface area there was more area available for collisions to take place. If the reactant is a solid it is necessary to break it into smaller pieces to increase surface area. In the surface area results, we found out that as the mass of the calcium chips are larger; it increases the speed of the particles. The faster the particles move, the greater the number of collisions, and therefore the rate of the reaction increases. Chemical reactions take place by chance. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. As surface area is increased the particles move faster since they have more energy. This means that they are colliding more often and most of the collisions have enough velocity to cause a reaction. Since there are more collisions the chemical reaction takes place faster. Main experiment – changing concentration. The equipment we used was pipette. We used this to make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. We used the gas syringe to measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. We used the electronic balance to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 2 decimal places. Qe also used the stop clock as it is precise because it measured to hundredth seconds which helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals. In the concentration we made sure that we kept the calcium carbonate small chips of 1. 5g and the hydrochloric acid 30ml but just changed the M to 0. 5M, 1M, 1. 5M, 2M for each experiment for the concentration. We also used a mercury thermometer as it gives us a more precise reading and allows us to see whether the temperature of the hydrochloric acid makes a difference in the results. The method of the experiment for the concentration was on the first experiment as we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 0.5M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. In the second experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 1M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For the third experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 1. 5.

An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay

An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly the fact that most characters in the work have a certain degree of pride or prejudice. Among the characters who display these traits are Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Miss Bingley, and, of course, Darcy and Elizabeth. Although Darcy and Elizabeth are the two central characters, and are the ones who are proud and prejudiced respectively, there are several others who are plagued with character flaws. At the opening of the story, Mr. Collins is introduced as the cousin of the Bennets who is coming to Longbourn for a visit. Mr. George Wickham is an officer introduced toward the beginning of the novel. Lady Catherine de Bourgh is the rich influential aunt of Mr. Darcy who tries to sabotage his engagement to Elizabeth. Miss Bingley is the person who thinks ill of the Bennets from their first meeting. These characters all have the problem of being either proud or prejudiced. Elizabeth most aptly describes Mr. Collins when she says he is "conceited, pompous, narrow-minded, [and] silly" (Austen 129). Austen says of Collins: the respect which he [feels] for [Lady Catherine's] high rank, and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his right... ...orks Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Franklin Center, PA: The Franklin Library, 1980. Joseph, Gerhard. "Prejudice in Jane Austen, Emma Tennant, Charles Dickens-and Us." Studies in English Literature 40.4 (Autumn 2000): 679-694. Online: lt;http://triton.libs.uga.edu/cgi-bin/galileo.cgi> Kliger, Samuel. "Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice in the Eighteenth-Century Mode." Twentieth-Century Interpretations of Pride and Prejudice. Ed. E. Rubinstein. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969. 54-57. Mansell, Darel. The Novels of Jane Austen: An Interpretation. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Pinion, F. B. A Jane Austen Companion. London: Macmillan St. Martin's, 1973. Satz, Martha. "An Epistemological Understanding of Pride and Prejudice: Humility and Objectivity." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. Ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983.

Language acquisition Essay

Nature and nurture are two ways of determining the factors that are involved into the human nature. My goal in this essay is determining what are the main factors involved in the acquisition of the language in a human. By the extension of both terms, I will extend these two terms not only in the way of acquisition but also in the way of learning a language. Why? Because language is basically communication and not only children learn how to speak a language, adults can also learn. Nature Nature is the fact in which genetics and biological factors are involved. The meaning of this term affirms that is the individual the responsible of its own growing and in its extremist significance, society and enviroment does not anything to do with human learning. In the nature position, there is a branch which affirms that the brain is divided into modules and one of this has an prenatal predisposition for acquiring language. For instance: FOX P2 is a gene that is involved into the acquisition of language in children. The mutation of this gene may cause disruptions in the speech of the individual, including the unability of pronouncing any intelligible word. The most visible fact that makes nativism a theory is babies’ babbling. Children receive stimuli since the moment they are born and the way they react to that words is unique. For example, babies pay attention and react the stimulus sucking while their mothers are talking their L1 but they do not so if they are listening to other language, even if it is their mother voice. This theory is mainly supported by famous investigators such as Avram Noam Chomsky, Jerry Fodor or Ludovica Serratrice. Nurture Nurture is the fact that involves the family and the enviroment into the acquisition of a language. This theory suggests that the language is acquired by social relationships. Its most extreme position points out that human can only learn language by the exposition to it and the innateness of language is impossible: there is no genetical predisposition for learning a language for a newborn until he is into an advanced age. Nurture in language supports the idea that motherise is the origin of the language in children. The most important division of this ideology is the behaviourism, followed by Burrhus F. Skinner and Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Behaviourism says that everything that human could learn is done by imitation. However, this theory is not valid because it cannot explain why human can create sentences that had never heard. However, in its nowadays line of thinking, admits that genetics have something to do with acquiring language. For example, a baby that sees a lollipop and wants that item would try to catch her mother attention by moaning and pointing at it. This is the first step in the communication. The second one will be acquire enough words for transmitting that information. This fact has a genetic impulse given by the recently discovered â€Å"gene of happiness†, named as 5-HTTLPR, a serotonin transporter who is able to produce satisfaction. The debate Although the debate seems to be stuck in favour of nature, there are things that make me think about what is true in both stands. Coming back to that child sitting on that wheelchair, trying to say to her mother that he is desiring that lollipop from that shop, I must say there are a lot of factors that child ignores. First of all, the reaction of calling his mother is an attempt of communication based on the newborn innate reaction of crying. When a baby cries, requires attention and this evolves into a more mature reaction that is moaning. The trouble of this idea comes when the child acquires the words. This lexicon is acquired by their environment, the family and the rest of society that has a kind of relationship with the individual. However, it is known that this child owns a genetic disposition for making structures in language but he has to learn it from others. Genes or family? Here resides the question. Logically, with these parameters already set it would not be possible to be carried to mistake. On a study looking for heritable factors took with children who were adopted, brothers and twins, it revealed that language is inherited by parents in a lower range. But genes also respond to signals from environmental factors, not just the characteristics which the individual started. if genes would determine everything in a person, society would not be possible. This receptivity allows a cultural belonging and the same behaviour into a community. Of course heritable factors are in the mix, giving the sense of family. In terms of linguistics, children first learn from their families and after a few years they learn other kind of language with a â€Å"second family†. Acquiring that language allows a person to enter into a specific community as teenagers start listening to rock music if their friends like it. An experiment took in Minnesota, United States, by T. J. Bouchard Jr determined that twins reared apart and reared together had different levels of happiness. Monozygotic twins reared together showed more correlation in genes than the ones carried apart. So heritable factors are not concluding in the study. The debate balances in favour of the nurture side talking about second language acquisition. Why is not learning a language as easy as children do. Children have a period for learning a language. Chomsky has proved in several studies that syntax can be acquired until seven years old and phonetics until sixteen. Further of these range of age, learning for a person is impossible if it is about L1 and difficult for L2, even elder the individual is. â€Å"Jenny case† is the evidence of this. Jenny was a girl who was treated as a dog since she was born, abandoned in a room of her parents’ house without any contact with people. When the police found them, she was eleven years old and she was unable to acquire language. In case of second language, everybody who attended a class of a foreign language and met a retired man attending those classes should know by experience that man would not learn that language even he works hard on it. Conclusion A native speaker is the result of himself and the society. Parents have a part in acquisition, as the society does. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky#Linguistics http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture#Nature_and_nurture http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language_acquisition#Representation_of_language_acquisition_in_the_brain.

The Picture of Dorian Gray Vocabulary List

The Picture of Dorian Gray Vocabulary List 1 (Q2) Precis (noun): Make summary of. â€Å"I know she goes in for giving a rapid precis of all her guests. † (Pg. 14) Ravelled (verb): To tangle or entangle. â€Å"†How horribly unjust of you! † cried Lord Henry, tilting his hat back and looking up at the little clouds that, like ravelled skeins of glossy white silk, were drifting across the hollowed turquoise of the summer sky. † (Pg. 15) Candour (noun): The state or quality of being frank, open, and sincere in speech or expression; candidness. All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth's passionate purity. † (Pg. 26) Sovereignty (noun): Rightful status, independence, or prerogative. â€Å"It has its divine right of sovereignty. † (Pg. 35) Hedonism (noun): Doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the highest good. â€Å"A new Hedonism–that is what our century wants. † (Pg. 36) Staccato (adjective): Shortened or detached when played or sung. â€Å"Suddenly the painter appeared at the door of the studio and made staccato signs for them to come in. † (Pg. 37) Caprice (noun): Sudden, unpredictable change, as of one's mind or the weather. The only difference between a caprice and a lifelong passion is that the caprice lasts a little longer. † (Pg. 38) Vermillion (noun): A bright red, to reddish-orange color. â€Å"†It is quite finished,† he cried at last, and stooping down he wrote his name in long vermilion letters on the left-hand corner of the canvas. † (Pg. 38) Panegyric (noun): Formal or elaborate praise. â€Å"Then had come Lord Henry Wotton with his strange panegyric on youth, his terrible warning of its brevity. † (Pg. 40) Wizen (verb): To wither; shrivel up; dry up. Yes, there would be a day when his face would be wrinkled and wizen, his eyes dim and colourless, the grace of his figure broken and deformed. † (Pg. 40) Divan (noun): A sofa or couch, with n o arms or back, often usable as a bed. â€Å"The hot tears welled into his eyes; he tore his hand away and, flinging himself on the divan, he buried his face in the cushions, as though he was praying. † (Pg. 42) Hansom (noun): A low-hung, two-wheeled, covered vehicle drawn by one horse, for two passengers, with the driver being mounted on an elevated seat behind and the reins running over the roof. â€Å"Come, Mr.Gray, my hansom is outside, and I can drop you at your own place. Good-bye, Basil. It has been a most interesting afternoon. † -Lord Henry (Pg. 48) Indolence (adjective): Disliking work or effort; lazy; idle. â€Å"His father had been our ambassador at Madrid when Isabella was young and Prim unthought of, but had retired from the diplomatic service in a capricious moment of annoyance on not being offered the Embassy at Paris, a post to which he considered that he was fully entitled by reason of his birth, his indolence, the good English of his dispatches, and his inordinate passion for pleasure. (Pg. 49) Collieries (noun): A coal mine, including all buildings and equipment. â€Å"He paid some attention to the management of his collieries in the Midland counties, excusing himself for this taint of industry on the ground that the one advantage of having coal was that it enabled a gentleman to afford the decency of burning wood on his own hearth. † (Pg. 49) Cheroot (noun): A cigar having open ends. â€Å"When Lord Henry entered the room, he found his uncle sitting in a rough shooting-coat, smoking a cheroot and grumbling over The Times. (Pg. 49) Facile (adjective): Moving, acting, working, proceeding, etc. , with ease, sometimes with superficiality. â€Å"He invented a facile excuse, and having taken the vacant seat next to her, looked round to see who was there. † (Pg. 57) Liveried (adjective): Clad in livery as servants. â€Å"At last, liveried in the costume of the age, reality entered the room in the shape of a servant to tell the duchess that her carriage was waiting. † (Pg. 65) Expound (verb): To explain; interpret. Some day, when you are tired of London, come down to Treadley and expound to me your philosophy of pleasure over some admirable Burgundy I am fortunate enough to possess. † (Pg. 67) Cosmopolitan (noun): A person who is free from local, provincial, or national bias or attachment; citizen of the world. â€Å"Makes it quite cosmopolitan, doesn't it? You have never been to any of my parties, have you, Mr. Gray? † (Pg. 71) Brocade (noun): Fabric woven with an elaborate design, esp. one having a raised overall pattern. â€Å"I went to look after a piece of old brocade in Wardour Street and had to bargain for hours for it. † (Pg. 72)

Free Essays on The Wars Of The Roses

J. R. Lander The Wars of the Roses New York G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1966 In medieval England from 1455 to 1487 The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses comes from the badges used by the two houses, the white rose for the Yorkists and the red rose for the Lancastrians. The entire war was based on the two houses fighting for the throne and who was rightfully king. The author of this book is J. R. Lander; the book doesn’t cite where he was born or his time of birth. The book is vague on his background but states that he was a traveler and traveled to England to write this book. Most of the evidence that he uses to back up his writing is from biased opinions, wild rumor, meretricious propaganda, and the foulest of slander as well as historical truth. To him what people thought, their affections and their prejudices were often as important in history as truth itself. In this book Lander draws on contemporary sources to argue that the feud between the Yorks and the Lancasters was a fairly minor event to people at the time, overshadowed by local conflicts and the Black Death. The book is organized by beginning with background on the Lancasters and Yorks. There’s a very intricate discussion on the battles and why they happened, and it describes the time of peace after the civil war. It covers the life of many rulers and England ’s Civil War. It shows just how power hungry people can be. Lander’s thesis is The Wars of the Roses was a very bloody set of battles that spanned many decades between the Lancasters and the Yorks. The Wars of the Roses was begun when King Henry suddenly lapsed into a state of catatonia in 1450. This provided an opening for a powerful faction headed by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Richard Neville wanted to make Richard, Duke of York, king. Ironically Richard of York had a better hereditar... Free Essays on The Wars Of The Roses Free Essays on The Wars Of The Roses J. R. Lander The Wars of the Roses New York G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1966 In medieval England from 1455 to 1487 The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses comes from the badges used by the two houses, the white rose for the Yorkists and the red rose for the Lancastrians. The entire war was based on the two houses fighting for the throne and who was rightfully king. The author of this book is J. R. Lander; the book doesn’t cite where he was born or his time of birth. The book is vague on his background but states that he was a traveler and traveled to England to write this book. Most of the evidence that he uses to back up his writing is from biased opinions, wild rumor, meretricious propaganda, and the foulest of slander as well as historical truth. To him what people thought, their affections and their prejudices were often as important in history as truth itself. In this book Lander draws on contemporary sources to argue that the feud between the Yorks and the Lancasters was a fairly minor event to people at the time, overshadowed by local conflicts and the Black Death. The book is organized by beginning with background on the Lancasters and Yorks. There’s a very intricate discussion on the battles and why they happened, and it describes the time of peace after the civil war. It covers the life of many rulers and England ’s Civil War. It shows just how power hungry people can be. Lander’s thesis is The Wars of the Roses was a very bloody set of battles that spanned many decades between the Lancasters and the Yorks. The Wars of the Roses was begun when King Henry suddenly lapsed into a state of catatonia in 1450. This provided an opening for a powerful faction headed by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Richard Neville wanted to make Richard, Duke of York, king. Ironically Richard of York had a better hereditar...

Using Context Clues to Improve Reading Comprehension

Using Context Clues to Improve Reading Comprehension Context clues can help many people with dyslexia to compensate for weak reading skills when comprehending reading passages. Context clues can significantly increase reading comprehension. According to a study completed by Rosalie P. Fink at Lesley College in Cambridge, this continues into adulthood. This study looked at 60 professional adults with dyslexia and 10 without dyslexia. All consistently read specialized information for their jobs. Those with dyslexia scored lower in spelling and required more time to read and indicated they relied on context clues, both during the study and in everyday reading, to aid in comprehension. Context Clues When you encounter a word you dont know as you are reading, you can choose to look it up in a dictionary, ignore it or use the surrounding words to help you determine what the word means. Using the words around it is using contextual clues. Even if you cant figure out the exact definition, phrases and words should be able to help you make a guess about the words meaning. Some of the ways to use context to help understand new words: Look for examples, illustrations or explanations. Difficult or uncommon words may be followed by information to help discern the meaning. The writer sometimes uses phrases to help identify examples and explanations: for example, such as, including, consists of, for instance, is like. Even without specific words introducing the meaning of an unknown word, phrases and sentences in the paragraph give further explanation, often enough to make a logical or educated guess as to the meaning of the word.Definitions are sometimes included in the text. For example, After the fire, the entire office was restricted, that is only a few people could enter, for several days. In this example, the author built the definition directly into the sentence.Sometimes surrounding words or phrases contain synonyms of the unknown word. For example, The boss complained when he was tardy, or late, for work for the third time this week.Antonyms can also be used to help readers figure out the meaning of a word. F or example, Joe was exhausted after the trip but Tom was wide awake and alert. Experiences can also be used to explain unknown words. Roger was reluctant to volunteer to help at a charity event. Last time he jumped right in and found there was much more responsibility than he was ready to take on and it took up an immense amount of time. This time, Roger decided to take it slow, offering only a few hours a month rather than whatever time was needed. His fear of making a quick decision paid off and he really enjoyed the job once he could control how much time he gave to the organization. Teaching Context Clues To help students learn to use contextual clues to learn new vocabulary words, teach them specific strategies. The following exercise can help: Using a textbook or printed worksheet, write down several new vocabulary words on the board. If using a textbook, write down the page and paragraph where the word is.Have students divide a paper into three columns.In the first column, the students should write the new vocabulary word.In the second column, the student should write down any clues in the text that help them guess the meaning of the word. Clues can be found immediately before or after the word, in the sentence before or after or even in the paragraphs around the word.The third column should contain the students guess as to what the word means. Students should review the different types of contextual clues, such as examples, synonyms, antonyms, definitions or experiences as they read through the text. If using a printout, students can use different color highlighters to mark the unknown word and the clues. Once the students make a guess, they should re-read the sentence, inserting their definition in place of the vocabulary word to see if it makes sense. Finally, students can look the word up in the dictionary to see how close they were in guessing the meaning of the word. References Literacy Development in Successful Men and Women with Dyslexia, 1998, Rosalie P. Fink, Annals of Dyslexia, Volume XLVII, pp 3311-346What Are Context Clues? Date Unknown, Staff Writer, Sacramento City CollegeWhat Contextual Clues Can I Use? Date Unknown, Presented by Lynn Figuarte, U.S. Department of Education

Franz Kline Biography

Franz Kline Biography Franz Klines life story reads like a movie plot: Young artist starts out with high hopes, spends years struggling without success, eventually finds a style, becomes an overnight sensation and dies too soon. Kline was best known for his role as an action painter of abstract expressionism, a movement that was popular in New York during the 1940s and 1950s and introduced the world to artists including Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. Early Life Kline was born on May 23, 1910  Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. As the cartoonist for his high school newspaper, Kline was a good enough student to leave coal-mining country and attend Boston University. With budding artistic ambition, he went   to study at the Art Students League, and then Heatherly Art School in London. In 1938, he returned to the U.S. with his British wife and settled in New York City. Art Career It seemed New York really didnt care much that Kline had talent back in England and was ready to take on the world. He struggled for years as a figurative artist, doing portraits for two loyal patrons that won him a modest reputation. He also painted city scenes and landscapes, and occasionally resorted to painting barroom murals to pay the rent money. In the mid 1940s, he met de Kooning and Pollock, and began to explore his own growing interest in trying new styles of painting. Kline had been noodling around with black and white for years, creating small brush drawings and projecting them onto the wall of his studio. Now he got rather serious about creating the projected images using just his arm, brush and mental imagery. The pictures that began to emerge were given a solo exhibition in New York in 1950. As a result of the show, Franz became an established name in the art world and his large, black and white compositions- likened to grids, or Oriental calligraphy- achieved notoriety. With his reputation as a leading abstract expressionist secured, Kline concentrated on turning out his new passion. His new work had short, seemingly meaningless names, such as Painting (sometimes followed by a number), New York, Rust or the old stand-by Untitled. He spent his last years trying to introduce color back into the mix, but was cut down in his prime by heart failure. Kline died on May 13, 1962 in New York City. He couldnt explain what his paintings meant, but Kline left the art world with the understanding that explanation of his art was not its intended purpose. His paintings were supposed to make one feel, not comprehend. Important Works Chief, 1950Painting, 1952Painting Number 2, 1954White Forms, 1955Untitled, 1955Lehigh V Span, 1960Le Gros, 1961 Famous Quote The final test of a painting, theirs, mine, any other, is: does the painters emotion come across?

Writing assignment II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing assignment II - Essay Example For instance, police officers target individuals basing on their looks. The Supreme Court for the reason that the justices have no case, proof, or record of accomplishment, which suggests that the officers misuse the â€Å"reasonable suspicion† requirement, upheld these provisions. The law drives most immigrants, be they illegal or legal, and makes them hesitant in working with police to resolve crimes (Thomas 13). The wave of immigration regulations that has existed in the state since 2006 indicate only a few symbols of letting up, where state legislators are expected to introduce approximately 1,400 bills. This is regardless of the fact that five years into this lawful surge, the harshest laws have failed to recast immigration in the manner that legislators intended them to. The law is no longer needed because it peacefully removes unauthorized immigrants out of the U.S detaching them from their jobs, property, and families to meet the arcane labor market laws designed by progressive politicians (Johnson & Trujllo 56). It also inflicts recognizable economic harm. The law scares away investment, business, and workers since businesses that intentionally hire illegal immigrants get their licenses revoked as an offense, thus killing the entrepreneurship sector. Throughout history, the United States has served as a destination of freedom and opportunity for many people across the world. As such, immigration has been an integral part of the development of the United States, socially, politically and economically. More often than not, the United States has had to rely on foreigners to diversify the American society as well as to boost the economy. Prior to analysis the history of immigration policies in eth United States, it is worth having an overview of the history of immigration itself. Thus, the first immigrants to come to the United States arrived from Europe. Most of them came for came voluntarily for commercial, settling and religious

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 49

No topic - Essay Example Refusing certain mutations we "play the role of God" to some extent. Another, essential from an ethical point of view, disadvantage lies in the fact that this type of diagnosis may be available only to people with high fortune. That means that poor people are unable to use these methods. Because this is unfair, it is necessary to develop state program that can provide an opportunity for low-income families to use this type of diagnosis. Finally, the worst thing in preimplantation diagnosis is that during selection of healthy embryos some of them can be killed. It is difficult bioethical issue. Concerning advantages of this diagnosis: firstly, and most important, in that way we can provide a high quality of life for our children and their parents. People should never forget that even given birth to a child with specific genetic disease, like Down syndrome, parents devote the child to suffer throughout all life. Second, we saturate our human population of healthy genes, which reduces the likelihood of recurrence of the disease. Second, we saturate our human population by healthy genes, which reduces probability recurrence of the disease. Overall, the use of genetics is becoming broader significance in our lives. This applies to medicine, agriculture and many other things around us. Heredity of certain physical properties, such as body type, composition of muscle fiber and type of sensorimotor reactions may affect the achievement in sport (Miah). The task of modern society is to prevent the parents to choose their children`s quality. This process should be natural and "playing God" it not possible from an ethical point of view. Thus, taken into consideration that progress cannot be stopped, we should pay more attention to bioethical

DHSNo-MachRules and Safe Harbor Provisions for Employers Essay

DHSNo-MachRules and Safe Harbor Provisions for Employers - Essay Example SHA) will have the right to file complain to OSHA free of any legal charges as OSHA protects the employers by investigating on the legal complains that has been filed by the employees (U.S. Department of Labor, 2007). Aside from the complying with the OSHA guidelines, employers are also required to follow the rules as set by the Social Security Administration (SSA) (Lian, 2007). Employment law is not limited to issues related to employment discrimination related to race, age, and gender or the minimum wage and work benefits that each employee is entitled to; the law also protects the welfare of the local employees from any forms of accident that occurs within the workplace due to employers’ negligence to provide a safe working environment for employees or in any forms of threat which prohibits the local citizens from being able to have an opportunity for employment. Over the years, the increasing number of immigrant workers is said to be threatening the employment opportunity of the local residents. Since thousands of employers submit a ‘no-match’ employees’ name and the corresponding Social Security numbers as provided on Forms W-2 do not match the records of SSA each year (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2009), the District Court Judge Charles R. Greyer legally allowed the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to develop a new harbor safety rules that will address the court’s concern regarding the case of AFL-CIO v. Chertoff, Case No. 07-CV-4472 CRB (N.D. Cal.) back on December 2007 (Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, 2007). As part of informing the general public regarding the new harbor safety rules, the DHS and SSA spread ‘a No-Match’ letter to those who are directly concerned with the issue (NAFSA, 2009). Aside from providing a brief summary regarding the AFL-CIO v. Chertoff case, the significance of spreading the â€Å"No-Match" rules and safe harbor provisions for employers will be thoroughly tackled in details. This paper aims to

Health and safety risk assessment in civil engineering projects Essay

Health and safety risk assessment in civil engineering projects - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the welfare of people operating or working within the confines of any manufacturing or engineering environment is of main importance. Every worker should expect to be capable of carrying out their task in a safe manner that has no negative effect on their health and wellbeing. In fact, many organizations not only reduce risks and make improvements to the working environment but try to make their own working environment superior to others, making it a competitive aspect when recruiting staff. Health and safety in the field are about measures designed to protect the health and safety of workers, visitors and the general public who may be affected by workplace activities. Safety measures about controlling and reducing risks to anyone who might be affected by these activities. Health and safety are controlled largely by legislation and regulations and the law is continually being revised and updated. It is important that organizations are aware of these changes and keep up to date with developments. This unit provides an understanding of hazards and risks associated with health, safety, and welfare in an engineering workplace. Learners will develop an understanding of the requirements of health, safety and welfare legislation and regulations and of their roles in complying with the related legal obligations. Ideally, this unit would form a key component of the program, as the content is applicable to many engineering situations. Learners will be required to undertake full risk assessments and to appreciate the significant risks encountered in the workplace and the measures taken to deal with them (Melchers, 2002). They will also study the principles of reporting and recording accidents and incidents, again within a legal context. The main aim in civil engineering is to manage risk, eliminating or reducing it to acceptable levels (Melchers, 2002). Risk is the combination of the possibility of a failure event, and the risks resulting from the failure. For example, the extent of a particular failure may result in risks fatalities, injuries, property damage, or nothing more than annoyance. It may be regular, occasional, or rare happenings. The acceptability of the failure depends on the combination of the two. Probability is often more difficult to predict than severity due to the many things that could cause a failure, such as mechanical failure, environmental effects, and operator error. Any specialist in the field should be able to assess and comprehensively report on any environmental principle, from aquatic to marine science, air, soil, geology, geo-hydrology, archaeology, ecology, rehabilitation, or any such science connected to the environment. Safety engineering tries to lower the occurrence of failures, and make sure that when failures do happen, the results are not life-threatening. For instance, bridges are designed to carry loads well in excess of the heaviest truck likely to use them. This reduces the possibility of being overloaded. Most bridges are designed with back up load paths, so that if any one structural member fails, the structure will remain standing. This reduces the severity if the bridge happens to be overloaded. Safety should starts during the early design of a system. Engineers should consider what bad events can happen under what conditions, and predict the related accident risk. They should propose safety mitigation requirements in specifications at the start of development or changes to existing designs to make a system safer. These may be done by fully getting rid of any type of hazards or by lowering accident risk. More often, instead of engineers influencing the design, they should prove that an existing, completed design is safe. If the engineer discovers significant safety problems late in the development process, correcting them can be very costly (Great Britain, 2003). This type of error has the potential to waste large sums of money and likely more important, human

Business functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business functions - Essay Example They become partners for running the business efficiently. For starting a partnership business all the partners needs to sign different legal agreements. By this the partners contributes money, divides profit and design different business operation or activities which will be under their control. Partnership business can be of medium size or big. The owners of this business are not personally liable for any business losses or credit. Private limited company or business is a voluntary organization. This type of business can have more than one owner but not more than fifty. This business has proper legal existences. For starting a private limited company the owners have to undergo through different legal formalities. The business has to be registered under company act. Shareholders of these companies are its owners. For performing its business activities private limited company has to follow different legal rules and regulation of the country where it is operating its business. The company whose shares are sold and purchased in stock market is known as public limited company. Any people can purchase and sell share of public limited company. This type of company strictly follows legal rules and regulations of business. The company needs to disclose its financial position to its investors for determining the value of its shares. Public limited company can or cannot be listed in stock exchange. Many people are the owners of this type of company. In unlimited liability business, the owner of company has unlimited liability of all debts and credits of business. Another name of unlimited liability company is private unlimited company. It is hybrid type of business which can be run with or without share capital. The shareholders of unlimited liability company have too many non limited obligations for meeting business requirements. The partners or shareholders of this company accept all these unlimited liabilities to avoid double taxation

Middle School Advisory Program Evaluation A Program Evaluation Essay

Middle School Advisory Program Evaluation A Program Evaluation ProposalSelf Reporting can be problematic Disconnect between Likert Scale Responses and Free Responses Low Response Rate on Staff Survey - Essay Example To use of likert scale on such population would not provide accurate result considering that the views of the teachers in the Pacific Cascade Middle School were varied. This means that the scale would not be able to measure the honest attitude of the teachers. Further, this method of collecting data was must have presented the respondents with the opportunity to be influenced by the previous questions. There was tendency that the respondents were leaning towards one side of the scale just to avoid being extreme. Moreover, it was difficult to test whether the respondent were lying, even though the tools were tested for their reliability, it was still difficult to deal with the error that may have accompanied the responses. The law response rate by the respondents particularly on the free response was a major setback to verify the findings that the teachers had provided. This highly reduced the sample size that could have been very significant in obtaining facts. Mugenda & Mugenda (2010) reveals that in a population of 30, accuracy would be yielded with a turnout of over 90%. In this study, only 17 teachers returned their questionnaires. The law of research has not been able to discern how to deal with the problem with the self-reporting. This make such problems part of research. This study was affected by self-reporting that present issues like lie. Though the study attempted to place validity measures, controlling a huge number of students in shaping their attitudes towards the research was a hard

Business functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business functions - Essay Example They become partners for running the business efficiently. For starting a partnership business all the partners needs to sign different legal agreements. By this the partners contributes money, divides profit and design different business operation or activities which will be under their control. Partnership business can be of medium size or big. The owners of this business are not personally liable for any business losses or credit. Private limited company or business is a voluntary organization. This type of business can have more than one owner but not more than fifty. This business has proper legal existences. For starting a private limited company the owners have to undergo through different legal formalities. The business has to be registered under company act. Shareholders of these companies are its owners. For performing its business activities private limited company has to follow different legal rules and regulation of the country where it is operating its business. The company whose shares are sold and purchased in stock market is known as public limited company. Any people can purchase and sell share of public limited company. This type of company strictly follows legal rules and regulations of business. The company needs to disclose its financial position to its investors for determining the value of its shares. Public limited company can or cannot be listed in stock exchange. Many people are the owners of this type of company. In unlimited liability business, the owner of company has unlimited liability of all debts and credits of business. Another name of unlimited liability company is private unlimited company. It is hybrid type of business which can be run with or without share capital. The shareholders of unlimited liability company have too many non limited obligations for meeting business requirements. The partners or shareholders of this company accept all these unlimited liabilities to avoid double taxation

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Essay

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Essay Example he ECJ. Article 267 of TFEU provides that when there is a question concerning the interpretation and application of EU law: When such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. 6 It therefore follows that the word â€Å"may† as it appears in Article 267 of the TFEU does not impose upon national courts a compulsory duty to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ for determination.7 The obligation to refer a preliminary question of EU law to the ECJ is only mandatory when the matter is before the court of final appeal and no further national remedies are available to the litigants.8 With lower national courts relieved of the compulsory obligation to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ when the interpretation and application of EU law is in doubt can be counterproductive to the goal of achievin g consistency in the interpretation and application of EU law when a national court comes to the decision that not to refer a question to the ECJ for interpretation. Nyikos explains how the discretion to submit a preliminary reference to the EU on a point of EU law can compromise integration of national legal systems with the EU’s legal system and consistency in the interpretation and application of EU laws. According to Nyikos, the decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law depends on a number of variables that are difficult to predict. To begin with, the decision to submit a preliminary question of EU law largely depends on the national courts’ â€Å"acceptance† of intervention by the ECJ.9 A court’s decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law also depends on the â€Å"national judicial procedure†, the â€Å"complexity of the issue† and â€Å"individual court experience.†10 The ECJ however, has established a significa nt safeguard against the risk of inconsistency in the application and interpretation of Community law in cases where the national court is of the opinion that a particular EU law is not valid. In such a case, a referral is mandatory regardless of whether the court seized of the matter is a court of first or last instance. This is because it would be entirely inconsistent with the supremacy of EU law and the goals of consistency among EU states for a national court to render an EU law invalid and another state to uphold the same EU law.11 Ideally, perfect and seamless integration of national legal systems with the EU legal system and consistency of EU law within and among the Member States should be accomplished by Article 267

Human Resources & Organizational Effectiveness Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Organizational Effectiveness Essay Small scaled businesses are very important for developing countries and as well as developed countries. In a country like the China a small business can become success and it will play an important role in the economy of the country. Small businesses are growing in importance in the China; hundreds of small businesses are opened every month in the country, by people who have found themselves squeezed out of a corporation due to downsizing or who voluntarily leave the corporate world so that they can seek a slower pace and healthier balance between world and family life. Small businesses are mostly opened by women and minorities in the China. As the smallest businesses become increasingly complicated due to globalization, government regulations and customer demands for better quality at lower prices, managerial dexterity is very complex and it is very hard to become a success. (Szarka, 1990) Managers in small businesses tend to emphasize roles different from those managers in large companies. Managers in small companies often see their most important role as a spokesperson, because they need to promote the small, growing company to the outside world. The entrepreneur role in the small business is very important, because the managers must be very creative and help their company to develop new ideas so that they can be competitive with other companies. Small business managers tend to rate lower on the leader role and on information processing roles compared with counterparts in large companies. As the world of small organizations become increasingly complex, managers should carefully incorporate the 3 categories for roles. They must simultaneously mange by information; manage through people, and mange through action to keep their organizations healthy. (Szarka, 1990) Managing a Small Growing Business Once a business is set up and running, how does the owner manage it? Often the traits of self-confidence, creativity and internal locus of control lead to financial and personal grief as the company grows. A hands-on to the entrepreneur who gave birth to the small business or company, loves perfecting every ting detail of the company. But after the start-up, continued growth requires a shift in the management style. Those who fail to adjust to a growing business can be the cause of the problems rather than the solution for the company. A small business goes through distinct stages of growth; with each of the stage the company requires different management styles and skills. Intrapreneurship in a Small Business Intrapreneurship can be defined as a process which recognizes the need for innovation within the company, plus it helps with managing the company. The following rules help to develop the necessary environment which is required in the company, they are as follows: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The employees should be encourages 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The management should use informal meeting whenever possible 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company should learn to tolerate failure and learn from it 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The employees should be rewarded for their innovative ideas 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teams should be formed Human Resource Practices The human resource practices in a small and medium business differ from large organizations. Planning In the early stage of existence, formal planning tends to be nonexistence except for the business plan. The business plan can be defined as a document which specifies the business detail of the company by the entrepreneur. The primary goal is to remain alive within the industry. As the company grows, formal kind of planning is not usually instituted until the company does not reach its success stage in the growth stages of the company. For example, records selling company in the China has defined a goal by carving out a niche in the volatile record industry by focusing only on roots music, which is an electric mix of soulful and down home sounds with country edge. This company is only one of the few surviving profitable companies in the country.   (Cameron Miller, 2008) Organizing In the 2 stages of company’s growth, the company’s organization structure is very informal, where all the employees are reporting to the owner of the company. By the third stage the functional managers are hired to take over the duties from the owner. A functional organization will be created and there will be changes in all the departments of the company. In this stage the managers will be able to learn how to delegate responsibilities to others. But these days most small companies in the China are limiting creating ways so that they can stay small but still grow. For example, Woodspirits, it a company that produces and distributes 300,000 soaps to its customers annually. It just employs 3 that work for the company. The company doesn’t want to lose its edge and flexibility; therefore the companies are willing to stay small. Leading Leading is considered to be the driving force in the development of the company, and it is one of the ways to manage a company. The vision along with the leader’s personality actually shapes the small company. With the help of leadership, it is able to point out cultural values, efficiency and ethics of the company. Leadership is also considered important because a great deal of small businesses usually have a hard time of employing qualified workers. There is always a labor shortage for a small company, and these shortages usually damage the company a great deal. Controlling It is also important that there is a financial control in the company. In the company’s starting days control was exercised by simple accounting records and through personal supervision. The control techniques usually become more sophisticated during the resource maturity of the company. For example, the Sock Shop was originally a hit in the US, but it failed due to a lack of control within the company. (Fullmer, 1983) Compensation Compensation of employees in a SME is mostly based on the jobs and its evaluations.   With job analysis information as a part of the department’s HR information system, compensation analysts have the minimum information needed to evaluate the work activities of their employees. Job evaluations are steps and procedures that help to identify the relative worth of jobs or work activities. There are different kinds of approaches to the evaluation of a job; these approaches consider the responsibility of the employee, skills that are needed for the job, efforts done by the employee and the working conditions related to the job. Without job evaluation the HR department would not be able to create a rational approach to pay. The most common methods for job evaluation that helps with a compensation plan are job ranking, job grading system where as in large organizations it is done through factor compensation and the point system.   But the best way the HR can compensate the employ ees is through job grading, why, because, it is the simplest way to classify a job and the companies don’t have to spend a great deal of money on it. (Werther Davis, 1996)

The Civil War In Sri Lanka

The Civil War In Sri Lanka The Sri Lankan civil war by definition started in 1983 when two pronounced groups began to rival, the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam, a separatist group that was formed seeking to represent the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka (Clarance, 2002). However civil war on an emotional level between the two ethnic groups, Sinhalese and Tamils started in 1948, when Sri Lanka was granted independence from the British (Clarance, 2002). Sri Lanka first encountered colonialism in 1505 when the Portuguese arrived in search of valuable natural resources such as cinnamon, tea, and the most valuable, land (Clarance, 2002). The Portuguese conquered regions of Kotte, Sitavaka and Jaffna. They also aimed to conquer Kandy as well but failed through several attempts (Clarance, 2002). Next were the Dutch, in 1638 King Rajsinha who ruled Kandy at that time turned to the Dutch to fight over the Portuguese, the Dutch conquered everything except Kandy (Clarance, 2002). Last to colonize Sri Lanka was the British, they set foot in 1796 when the Dutch rule gave away to the British (Clarance, 2002). The British conquered the entire island, and built coffee and tea plantations and imported laborers from India mainly Tamils to work in these plantations (Clarance, 2002). In 1947 Sri Lanka requested to become an independent nation, and in 1948 Sri Lanka gained independence (Clarance, 2002). On the surface, colonialism can be viewed as har mless and in most areas beneficial as it guided Sri Lanka into development. Even though colonialism brought forth an identity for Sri Lanka in relation to trade and international exporting, it also brought separation, discrimination, and a hunger for dominance amongst the citizens of Sri Lanka. Being a Canadian born Sri Lankan Tamil this topic brings great importance and relevance to me. My Canadian birth is a result of this civil war in which my parents found the desperate need to emigrate from their greatly loved motherland. This topic is extremely important to me because I believe in peace and safety for the innocent and vulnerable, violence and death for the individuals who choose to fight is equally remorseful however inevitable. I lost both my grandfathers as innocent civilians to the civil war in Sri Lanka likewise many Sinhalese families were destroyed. All due to the separation caused by language, as everything else between a Tamil and a Sinhalese was identical. There are great faults on both sides, with regards to the actions of both opposition parties. However when pinpointed, the foundation for this violent desire for domination, can be seen as colonization as the main cause if not the only cause for this fight for power and equality. Theoretical Backing: Colonialism has given Sri Lanka a negative impact rather than the positive outcomes it has provided the global north with. Through what can be seen as an immature rivalry between European states to gain land, and other valued goods, it is proven that lack of structure and democracy when granting independence to a colony can shatter an entire nation. The development theory that supports the argument of colonialism being the main cause of the civil war in Sri Lanka would be the post-development theory. The post-development theory believes that only with relation to the global south, colonialism has been destructive on several levels: culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically. Sri Lanka is not the only former European colony that is facing the aftermaths of colonialism; several other countries in Asia have been robbed of their full potential to run as a developed nation, especially in the Middle East. Another prime example would be in Africa, where even in the present day, systems that were brought in by the European states are still being used, such as monarchy. Another more specific theory that would back up this argument would be the postcolonial theory, the postcolonial theory investigates the effective and legacy of European invasion on global south. Postcolonial theorist, Franz Fanon states And it is clear that in the colonial countries the peasants alone are revolutionary, for they have nothing to lose and everything to gain. The starving peasant, outside the class system is the first among the exploited to discover that only violence pays. For him there is no compromise, no possible coming to terms; colonization and decolonization a simply a question of relative strength. Fanon pinpoints the exact fate that Sri Lanka has overcome with its decades long civil war, the need for violence to achieve goals, in this case justice and equality. Research and Analysis: Colonialism is the leading cause for the now silent, yet on-going civil war in Sri Lanka. When the British left Sri Lanka in 1948, they built a government and left power to mainly the wealthy Sinhalese landowners (Lange, 2009). These powerful Sinhalese landowners had nothing in common with the rural areas or the minorities in Sri Lanka. Thus, taking rule and advantage of the nation to their liking. They made Sinhala as the official national language and also making Buddhism as the official national religion in Sri Lanka. This created great tension amongst the Tamil community as opportunities were not made equal, Tamils were not permitted nor able to obtain a higher level education or work for the government due to the fact they were not able to speak the national language (Lange, 2009). This created massive riots and rage throughout the Tamil community, which eventually ended in the creation of a separatist group the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam seeking to gain land separate from the Sinhalese population for the Tamils called Tamil Eelam. This was the beginning of a two-decade civil war for the Tamils to both gain equal rights and dignity or to gain a separate Tamil region. Histories of Sri Lanka prior to British colonization are important aspects when examining cause of conflict, in this case the cause of civil war in Sri Lanka. According to research of DeVotta (2000) archeological analysis can prove that Sri Lanka was physically part of India, and was separated through plate movement caused by slow, natural causes. The southern regions of India, specifically Tamil Nadu, are concentrated with a Tamil population, and the northern regions of Sri Lanka are also concentrated with Tamils. Such relations and connections cannot only be seen through language but also through religion and way of life. Clarance (2002) states that reoccurring enslavement caused by colonialism creates a need for finally holding the dominant, leading post. Both the Tamils and the Sinhalese were faced with great amounts of mental and physical damage when the Portuguese, Dutch, and the British colonized Sri Lanka, however the Sinhalese were faced with a greater level of damage becaus e it was mainly Sinhalese regions that were fought for, such as Katte, Kandy, Sitavaka, Colombo and Anuradhapura (Clarance, 2002). Therefore the Sinhalese psychologically developed the need for control, power, domination (Duncan, 2002). Wickramasinghe (2006) expands on the roles that each colonizing groups had. The Portuguese conquered Colombo on arrival which caused the Sinhalese population to move into the Kandy region of Sri Lanka. The Portuguese also forced religious conversion, Christianity, Buddhists and Moors a term used for Sri Lankan Muslims were impeached. Wickramasinghe (2006) argues that such invasion of the Sinhalese caused them to make Buddhism as their national religion when independence was gained. Clarance (2002) makes a diverse point in stating that with the colonization of the Dutch it was greatly the fault of the Sinhalese. Rajasinghe II who was the king of Kandy in 1638 requested the help of the Dutch to fight against the Portuguese, the Dutch however defeated t he Portuguese and overruled what Portuguese had conquered and everything else on the island except Kandy. They also promoted protestant views and demoted Catholicism, and to keep their legacy they mixed themselves with the Sinhalese, now known as Burgher peoples. This later on was a another major cause of great discrimination and violence. The British were the last rulers in Sri Lanka they take the majority of the blame for the current effects of colonization and the civil war in Sri Lanka today. According to Lange (2009) the Tamils and the Sinhalese were in peace living together, reason being that different regions were ruled by Kings that were associated with the citizens of that particular region, therefore conflict with other regions were minimal. When the British entered Sri Lanka in fear of the French gaining power of Sri Lanka in 1796, they started off by merely occupying the coastal areas, to remove the Dutch from the picture, through the Treaty of Amiens, the Dutch ruled areas of Sri Lanka was conceded to the British. Since the Dutch had conquered the entire island excluding the Kandy region, the British only had to fight for Kandy. Jones (2008) states that there were two Kandyan wars in which both were defeated by the Kandy. Jones (2008) clarifies that this was the real cause of independence in Sri Lanka, lac k of British gaining the most resourceful region in Sri Lanka. However Duncan (2002) elaborates on the beneficial aspects of the British rule in Sri Lanka, the British despite failing to conquer Kandy, built massive, national standard plantations for coffee which later became tea production, which was the money making resource in Sri Lanka at the time. The Sinhalese were reluctant to work on tea plantation as they were used to the working on the paddy farm. Wanting to expand the industry thousands of Tamils were shipped from India into Sri Lanka to work on these plantations. Duncan (2002) states that this was also a great cause in the separation between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. As working on a plantation was considered a job of the members of the lower castes, because the desperate and the poor were eager to gain a job at the these plantations for a fraction of what was considered a minimum wage back then. And since thousands of Tamils were imported from India by the British, t his caste was automatically generalized for the Tamils, creating a hierarchy between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. Winslow (2001) expands on the final gestures of the British that caused a long term effect on the future of the nation. When Sri Lanka was granted independence the British unconcerned and naively transferred most if not all the power to the Sinhalese, maybe not intentionally by ethnicity but intentionally by who held the most power, the Sinhalese at the time had most of the islands land, business, and wealth, in comparison to the Tamils. According to Erritiouni (2010) it was this particular mistake that is until today the leading cause of the civil war between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. Effects of colonialism in Sri Lanka still take in effect today. Errotiouni (2010) proceeds to state the following occurrences that fed this hunger for war. When the Sinhalese gained power for the entire island they omitted the existence and importance of the Tamils, they made the Sinhala the national language of Sri Lanka, and they made Buddhism the national religion of Sri Lanka. This as a result lead to the discrimination of the Tamil population, not being granted access to a higher level of education such as university or college, and not being granted to opportunity to hold a government job, therefore forbidden to gain a position in the government to have a say in the rights that Tamils are given. Jacoby (2006) elaborates on the separatist group Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam that was formed, as a result of discrimination this group that represented a majority but not the entire Tamil population demanded a separate region for the Tamils, namely, Tamil Eelam. The quest for T amil Eelam was at a cost of hundreds of thousands of lives over the past two and a half decades. A member of the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam was the convicted suicide bomber in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Indias Prime Minister at the time, in a deadly, sinful quest to gain international attention on Indias partnership with Sri Lankas war against the Tamils. Sri Lanka has lost a great deal as result of this war, the most important, innocent lives. Effects of colonialism are causing major issues in the present time. The recent crisis that occurred in Egypt where nearly the entire population of Egypt protested against the presidency of former President Mubarak. The fight to start a democratic government, and to end a monarch government (Pakistan article warns against struggle for power after Egypt unrest, 2011). According to Burke (1998) Europeans set up boundaries around Africa that split up tribal areas and groups of Africans, so Africans who spoke the same dialect or practiced the same traditions would be split between two different European territories. This also was the cause of monarchies that continue today within countries in Africa. This has caused many civil wars across Africa, and more importantly the mass level of poverty that was caused that even until this day is unsolvable. Power is a vital tool that needs to be transferred and received wisely. Colonialism is a prime example of how power should not be gained and withdrawn from. Sri Lanka has been greatly victimized by colonialism and has been ripped from its great potential as a nation. Through the unprofessional use of power by the European states power was distributed unequally to the people in Sri Lanka at the time of decolonization, which has caused a great deal of destruction and death for tens of thousands of people. Hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians lost their lives due to the crossfire between the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam and the Sri Lankan government, they were slaughtered, shot, molested, violated, and tortured solely because they were born either Tamil or Sinhalese. As there were positive effects to colonization in Sri Lanka, they will never out weight the negative effects that have caused a greatly unstable nation even today. Power at any level is a position with immeas urable value especially when it is in relation to people. The Europeans help immense power, but childishly overthrew that power to distribute power in a nation. They thought for the better of themselves and failed to think for the better good of the nations people. Their decisions that were made carelessly have caused great damage and will continue to cause difficulty in the far future.

The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit

Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146. The Contribution of Patient Case Studies on our Understanding of Cognit Although it shares cognitive neuroscience’s roots, cognitive neuropsychology has developed into a discrete discipline. While cognitive neuroscience studies neural organisation of the brain, cognitive neuropsychology concerns itself with the brain’s functional architecture; Coltheart (2010) describes this as a distinction between brain and mind. According to, among others, Coltheart (2002, cited Coltheart, 2010) this makes cognitive neuropsychology a branch of cognitive psychology rather than neuroscience. Patient case studies have played a critical role in developing cognitive neuropsychology into a separate discipline, although data from case studies can support and even progress cognitive neuroscientific findings about neural architecture. Cognitive neuroscientific research has identified dorsal and ventral visual pathways (e.g. Shapley, 1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) in the brain, known respectively as the ‘where’ and the ‘what’ pathways. A case study of patient DF by Milner and Goodale (1995, cited Pike and Edgar, 2010) found impairment in face and object recognition and visual discrimination, suggesting damage to the ventral pathway. When asked to pick up a small disc, the width of which she could not judge, the distance between DF’s index finger and thumb correlated highly with the actual disc width, suggesting that she was able to guide action using size information unavailable to conscious report. Milner and Goodale went on to develop the ve ntral/dorsal dissociation theory by suggesting that the ventral ‘what’ pathway processes object recognition while the dorsal ‘where’ system drives action in relation to an object (Goodale and Milner, 1992; Milner and Goodale, 1995, both cited Pike and Edgar, 2010). Thus a patie... ...In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Methods Companion (2nd ed., pp. 59-102). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Patterson, K. And Plaut, D.C. (2009). ‘†Shallow Draughts Intoxicate the Brain†: Lessons from Cognitive Science for Cognitive Neuropsychology’, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol. 1 (1), pp.39-58. Pike, G. and Edgar, G. (2010). ‘Perception’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Rutherford, A. (2010). ‘Long-term memory: encoding to retrieval’. In Kaye, H. (Ed,), Cognitive Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 63-104). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Wierenga, C.E., Maher, L.M., Moore, A., White, K.D., McGregor, K., Soltysik, D.A. and Crosson, B. (2006). ‘Neural substrates of syntactic mapping treatment: An fMRI study of two cases’, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 12(1), pp.132-146.

Supply Issues Affectng the Copper Industry

Supply Issues Affecting the Copper Mining Industry As is demonstrated by the chart below, the demand for copper has exceeded the supply brought to market since 2009. In 2011, 16. 5 million tonnes of copper were produced worldwide and this amount is expected to grow by approximately 3% annually. Data from the International Copper Study Group (ICSG) for 2012 suggests that international demand for refined copper is expected to exceed production by about 240,000 metric tons.The slow growth forecasted in copper supply is speculated to continue to increase the production deficit into 2013 because of both long and short term issues that affect the copper production industry. (http://www. econmatters. com/2011/12/copper-2012-supply-struggling-to-meet. html) Declining Ore Grades Man has been mining copper for centuries. As is characteristic of many other heavily-mined minerals, high-grade copper areas are becoming increasingly rare as many of the largest and highest grade areas have been disc overed and depleted by mining companies.It was common in the early 1900`s to find sites that had up to 30% copper; however, the average percentage of copper in new sites found is 1% or less and deemed low grade. Because the copper production process is energy intensive, and therefore expensive, it becomes less feasible to develop the majority of new sites that are prospected. (http://www. mining-technology. com/features/featuremineral-munching-microbes-future-metal-mining) Falling Chilean Copper Output It is estimated that Chile produces about 35% of the world`s copper supply.However, Chilean copper production has fallen by 730 000 tonnes over the last decade. Although declining ore grades are part of the problem, as more iron ore must be processed to produce the same amount of copper creating cost overruns, supply disruptions at some of Chile`s largest mines continue to occur due to labour strikes. Labour striking tends to correlate with rises in the price of refined coppers as wel l as with large GDP increases, both of which have been seen over the last five years in Chile. (http://seekingalpha. om/instablog/389729-frank-holmes/247300-chart-of-the-week-struggling-copper-supply) Decreases in demand are not being met with needed foreign investment projects to develop new mines because of social factors. Since the beginning of copper exploration, the Chilean government has done little to regulate mining development. Many activists are beginning to file lawsuits and successfully halt new projects proposed by large mining companies because of the adverse effects of large scale mining on surrounding crops and water sources.In April 2012, GoldCorp Inc annulled a 3. 9 billion dollar copper project, known as El Morro, because courts deemed that the company had not engaged in proper due diligence procedures with the local indigenous community. (http://www. mining. com/popular-unrest-casts-doubt-over-billions-in-chilean-mining-projects-10820/) Geopolitical Instability i n High Grade Copper Regions Southern Africa has sparked the interest of many large copper production companies due to large, high-grade areas in South Africa, Zambia and the Congo.However, political instability and lack of infrastructure in these areas have severely affected the exploration and development of mines as they are seen as unstable and risky to foreign investors. Also, announcements of pending government policies in favour of copper resource nationalization have caused many existing projects to be halted until firmer decisions reached by ruling political parties. (http://copperinvestingnews. om/10134/copper-mining-africa-south-africa-zambia-congo-rio-tinto-anglo-american/) The above constraints are not easily rectified and suggest that the slow growth trends associated with copper supply will continue into the short-term future. For the purpose of this commodity investment decision, it is reasonable to assume that copper prices will continue to rise as the production def icit increases.

How far did the Zollverein play a apart in the Unification of Germany? Essay

While the Zollverein itself was not a unifying force of the time, at least on its own, many things must be taken into account when questioning how far it futhered the road to unification. And to decide this, one must take look at its roots, and the reasons for its founding, before actually looking over its history. After the Napoleonic War, the various Germans states went into an industrial boom (especially after 1850) and some form of trade cohesion was going to be needed, if satsifactory trade were to take place within the states.One could hazard the comment that the need for such a thing was a precursor for unification, but it is a weak argument at best, with only a few supporters among the Historial Community. And although one cannot doubt that the original form of the Zollverein was very much the Kleindeutchland that Germany eventually came to be, it is still clear that the single states within the Zollverein were not neccessarily diplomatically linked, monetarily linked, or any such thing. This was seen clearly in 1866, when the Southern States rallied to aid Austria, despite their membership of the Zollverein. It is also possible to say that, left alone, the Zollverein would have had no major effect. But like with so many areas of German government, Bismarck used it to achieve his ends, along with his predecessors who knew that a Zollverein without Autria’s involvement would give Prussia economic power in the Confederation, to match the political and military sway of Austria. After 1848 (after the many uprisings across the Austrian Empire, which left her cripplied economically) it became even more important to stop Austria from joining, as Prussia’s power within the Confederation continued to increase, and Bismarck did this the most actively, through a series of trade agreements with Belgium, England and Italy, which were based on the French traty of 1862. Bismarck used the Zollverein as one of the many tools in his foreign and domestic policy, to achieve his aims, yet remaining constantly under the spotlight as some National Liberal, who it became harder and harder to doubt or question, as time went on. The battle for the Zollverein, and thus economic control of Germany, was also important when looking at the build-up to the Austro-Prussian War. Bismarck convinced France to agree that any negotiations on the extension of the Franco/Prussian Free-trade agreement, in reference to the smaller states, would have to go through Berlin. This, Bismarck thought, would increase their dependence on Prussia, and thus allow Bismarck to renegotiate terms when the Zollverein was renewed in 1865, getting rid of the smaller states’ veto powers and suchlike. The other German states voted him out on this, making it impossible for him to use the Franco/Prussian treaty against them, and thus he switched tack. Still using the Zollverein, Bismarck threatened to dissolve it in 1865, and only renegotiate with the individual states, on acceptance of the Franco/Prussian treaty. He knew that there was no other choice, and watched in amusement as the Austrian attempt to form some kind of trading union failed, and on 12th October 1864 Bavaria, Wurrtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau all agreed toPrussia’s conditions for renewal of the Zollverein. And once again Austria was excluded, despite unrealistic promises to look into the matter in 1872, allowing Prussia to have a stronger power-base than it had ever had before. It is no chance that within two years, Austria and Prussia were to be at war, the growing economic power of Prussia clearly unsettling Austria’s claim to lead the German states. Yet once again, it must be pointed out that the states of the Zollverein did not stick together miltarily. Many turned against Prussia, deciding to fight alongside Austria, and the Northern states that did (or just didn’t let Prussia in, such as Frankfurt) were annexed or heavily fined at the end of it all. And the Southern states, although allowed to keep their independence, were forced to join the Zollverein, thus increasing Prussia’s overall power within the Confederation – one could even go as far to say that it was the Zollverein that, indirectly, knocked Austria out of the running for leadership of Germany. In conclusion, I don’t think one can over-estimate or under estimate the extent to which the Zollverein unified Germany. It certainly played a part in drawing up the future extents of the German Empire, and allowed for greater intergration within the separate states, but its years of most effectiveness ended in 1865, after the addition of the Southern states, who returned members of the Zollverein Parliament who were ready to rebuff any of Prussia’s plans. It was not only that, but also the fact that Bismarck found other tools to use to his advantage (such as the Ems telegram, to steer Prussia and Germany in the direction he wanted).

Is Prostitution Deviant? Essay

Prostitution viewed through the social-conflict paradigm, a â€Å"framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change† (Macionis-Society), would be that the act of prostitution is a result of an unequal distribution of money, power, education, and social prominence. Prostitution is deviant, in that it is an action that is outside the norm of the accepted standards of our society. However, whether prostitution is deviant or not is not the starting place of the social-conflict paradigm. The social-conflict theorist would make no judgment but instead ask why. The social-conflict paradigm would analyze the social structure the individual was raised in, such as the education level and thus the opportunities available for the individual to gain skills necessary to accomplish success in society. It would then cast blame on the social factors rather than poor choices or lack of vision of the person. In essence, a prostitute woul d just be a victim of things out of his or her control. Prostitution would be viewed as a necessary bread of inopportunity rather than immorality. A strength of the social-conflict paradigm in viewing conflict is that in order to change the pattern of prostitution or any negative matter of society we must look at what forms the problem in order to prevent it. However one viewpoint gives us a narrow solution for a vast number of problems and other issues besides social inopportunity, like morals, values and a persons character must also be addressed in ordered to wholly fix any problem. Though we live in a world that expresses moral relativism, there is still objective truth and there are still things which are right and wrong. Though prostitution may have been forced upon some as a means of survival, it is still wrong and destructive. The consequences medically are huge for this kind of wide spread behavior. Though we can feel for those who have found themselves in this kind of life style, we must teach them new ways of living as well as helping provide new opportunities.

The Translation of Photographic Images Into Painting Essay

The Translation of Photographic Images Into Painting - Essay Example The essay "The Translation of Photographic Images Into Painting" discusses what actually changed the set views and paradigms of artist of coming centuries was the ability to think out of the box. Such artists have given art a new dimension every time. Artists create art to communicate ideas, thoughts and feelings. They use a variety of methods such as painting, sculpting or illustration and an assortment of materials including oils, watercolours, acrylics, pastels, pencils. Artists, works may be realistic or abstract and may depict objects, people, nature or events. We are swamped by so many images, on the streets, in magazines and on the television. Artists usually create landscape paintings in one of four ways: They paint entirely on location; they rely on memory or imagination; they work from photos; or they use a combination of these source. Working from photos to create art pieces as paintings has always been an act which came under darkness due to overlapping views (and counter views too) about ethics of the profession and such other reasons. Some can say that painting taking initial source as a photograph lacks the freshness of thought and the as-it-is natural conditions. Too much reliance on photographs can result in paintings that lack breadth and are broken apart by tedious detail. But using a photograph as a mere source of reference to an idea is not discouraged at all. Rather it is very much beneficial in cases where there is no possibility of carrying painting equipment. or where there is short time between events that change the condition of the idea which has to be captured. Thus we look into the lives of various artists of mainly the twentieth century who have contributed their paintings with criticisms rolling off their backs and the praises not lowering their further elevation of imaginative journeys. "I remember the first place I went to on this trip where we were active, one of the resettlements that we built. I found that as far as I was concerned, they were impossible to photograph. Neat little rows of houses. This wasn't my idea of something fun to photograph at all. But I had the good luck to ask someone, "Where are you all from Where did they bring you from" And when he told me, I went on to a place called Scott's Run, and there it began. From there I went all through Kentucky, West Virginia, down to Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana-in other words, I covered the mine country and the cotton country. I was terribly excited about it, and did no painting at all in that time. This was it, I thought. I'm sort of a single track guy, anyway. When I'm off on photography, photography is it, and I thought this would be the career for the rest of my life."1 The deep interpretative question in Richter's art concerns less the fact that he worked with photographs than why he selected the photographs he did for Atlas, and what governed his decision to translate certain of them into paintings. There are, for example, photographs of American airplanes-Mustang Squadrons, Bombers and Phantom Interceptor planes in ghostly gray-in-gray formations. Richter was an adolescent in 1945, and lived with his family within earshot of Dresden at the time of the massive fire bombings of that year. The photograph from which Bombers was made had to have been taken as a documentary image by some official Air Force photographer, whether over Dresden or some other city. The cool of that